Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Nicaraguan Cocoa Trade Essay Example for Free
Nicaraguan Cocoa Trade Essay Cocoa has been an important part of Mesoamerican life for more than a thousand years. It began as a sacred, ceremonial food until the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans. From that time to today cocoa has been a booming commodity locally and more importantly, in the worldwide marketplace. (Somarriba, 2009) However, Nicaragua struggles to capture a big portion of the international market, although cocoa from that region is generally accepted as very high quality. In the late 1970’s farmers struggled with both crop disease and lower market prices. The outcome was a massive replacement by farmers from cocoa to bananas, which were believed to be more profitable. The effect was a decrease in cocoa bean production, which has remained relatively low until recently. Today cocoa is frequently cultivated by indigenous peoples and peasant farmers. Many Mesoamerican countries use the cocoa farms as a key land use effort to reducing poverty. (Somarriba, 2009) However, Nicaragua is beginning to turn their focus on better production methods, and more land specifically designated to the production of cocoa. Experts have estimated that only 6400 hectares are farmed each year in the cultivation of cocoa. That number roughly represents about one thousand cubic tons per year in cocoa production. (Navarrete, 2005) In addition to this, most farmers are small scale generational farmers, passing along traditions through the years. However, it has also been estimated that in comparison to the 6400 hectares that are farmed each year, a possible 350,000 hectares are suitable for cocoa production. (Navarretes, 2005) This exciting prospect is further fueled by the high demand for quality cocoa by international buyers such as Germany, The Netherlands, and the USA. (Dand, 2009) Although Nicaraguan cocoa is known for its very desirable characteristics and therefore good market prices, the area struggles with low production. The two biggest contributors to such minimal output are both poor agricultural management and technology, and plant-diseases. (Navarretes, 2005) Cultivating cocoa is a relatively easy crop. Many farmers like the lack of costly equipment or chemicals that would eat up profits. However, cocoa is very labor intensive. One of the many problems facing Nicaraguan farmers is learning how to deal with these issues on a steady basis to increase crop production. Firstly, soil preparation and plot placement is important. Cocoa needs well drained soil and plenty of water, humidity and sunshine. Often the small considerations like weeding and cutting down excessive shade trees that steal soil nutrients and sunlight are neglected and cause poor crops, although they are fairly easy problems to remedy. . (Navarretes, 2005)Another easy remedy that is often overlooked is that of dead or diseased pod and limb removal. Neglecting such seemingly simple tasks have had disastrous effects on whole cocoa crops. The diseased or dead pods and limbs quickly become diseased and spread rapidly throughout the crop. Adding to these mounting problems, farmers try to save crops with chemicals, but misuse and poor techniques result in killing the crops anyway. One of the most deadly diseases that cocoa farms are susceptible to is the Monilia virus. This devastating virus acts like a cancer and is very easily spread. In the late 1980’s the Monilia virus was responsible for crop failures in most of Mesoamerica. (Lok, p. 251) Management practices were introduced to help educate farmers on easy methods to save crops. These included removing infected fruit, pruning and weed control. One of the biggest problems remaining today that stands as a great hindrance to the desired cocoa production is simply that many of these farmers are ill-educated on farming techniques, and don’t know how to identify or resolve any of these fairly simple problems. However, NGO’s and extensionist groups have tried to come in and remedy the problems. Extensionists focused mainly on farming practices and taught farmers how to identify and resolve problems. Also, they spent time educating farmers on methods for stimulating production, site choices and record keeping. Several problems were faced in all of these areas. First of all, one method which involves opening up the crown of the tree for longer term production must be carefully balanced by how much water is near the tree, humidity being an important factor in healthy cocoa trees. In one study after education the farmer on proper techniques, the farmer didn’t relate the balance of humidity and sunshine, and lost the entire crop to dehydration. This proved to encourage distrust in the farmers of the extensionists who were there to help leading to the general consensus by the farmers that they should continue to stick to their own methods. (Lok, p. 255) As one farmer expressed his feelings on the matter, â€Å"I was told to establish my plot here, because it was the best place according to the extensionists, but I regret having done so. Next time I will establish my plot far from the river on the slope. This will give me less work, while still producing an acceptable amount of cocoa. †(Lok, p. 255) In addition to differences with training techniques, resistance by farmers was also had in relaying the importance of cutting down other trees that inhibit good cocoa crop production. Part of the problem lies in the simple fact that farmers use many of the trees for other necessary uses. For example, many of the shade trees are used for firewood and fruit and are seen by the farmers as being indispensable. Moreover, when trying to establish a basis for recording yield production, extensionists found that farmers would hesitate to give the correct amount. Farmers insecure living circumstances, murder, theft and kidnapping, as well as debts needing to be repaid to the NGO’s all play their part in the farmer’s inconsistencies and reluctance to report accurately. Unfortunately these problems only add to the difficulties being faced in trying to increase production. (Lok, p. 255) With the aid of extensionists also came the helpful tools that the NGO’s had to offer. Because most cocoa was initially sold to middle men, farmers got low prices for their crops, thus ensuring the cycle of low production. With help from NGO’s cocoa prices went up which opened opportunities for funding for better methods. The main problem faced in this are was mostly one that often strikes countries struggling with economic development. One government leader in attempting to address this problem of squandering increased income bluntly stated, â€Å"Brother workers and peasants, begging your pardon, but you will have to get drunk less, and dedicate the money to your family. †(Fagen, 1986) Its second largest task of providing ways to market its product has been aided both internally and externally. With new focus on commercialization and export procedures change is inevitable. Just as in the case with farming techniques, many of the issues that are hindering a large scale export are easily resolved. For instance, one of the major obstacles in the commercial cycle is simply that the roads are in such bad condition make travel impassable. (Dand, 1997) With the addition of government projects and government backing the potential for success is high. In addition, Nicaraguan commercialization of cocoa is focusing on the utilization of the CAFTA organization to help increase productivity. (Dilger, 2005) Following CAFTA encouragement, Nicaragua would focus its commercialization with the United States, who â€Å"buys 25% of the world production†. With this strengthened focus CAFTA will also push cocoa as a free market product, trying to lift restrictions and increase sales. (Dilger, 2005) Interestingly, CAFTA is also aware of the traditional cocoa cultivation practices and is urging farmers to try mew methods. (Dilger, 2005) Regardless of the many obstacles, the national goal of Nicaragua to increase production of one of its finest exports remains strong. Nicaragua is aware of its problems of low production, lack of credit, persistent Monilia, and pricing wars. (Dilger, 2005) However, with Nicaragua’s high quality cocoa and the accompanying international demands, Nicaragua could easily compete in the international cocoa trade. The potential for growth is strong, as is the determination of Nicaragua. References Dand, R. (1997). The International Cocoa Trade. New York: John Wiley Sons. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=114030771 Dilger, Robert. Kopsell, Edgar. (August 2005) Estrategias publicas-privadas en el sector Cacoa en Nicaragua y Acuerdos regionales de comercio libre. Fagen, R. R. (1986, November). The Politics of Transition. Monthly Review, 38, 1+. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002128448 Lok, Rossana. (1998) Traditional Cocoa Agroforesrty Systems in Wasala, Nicaragua. Navarrete, Ignacio Thelma Gaitan. (2005). Cadena del Cultivo Cacao. Somarriba, Eduardo. Sustainable Cocoa Production in Mesoamerica. www. worldcocoafoundation. org. Retrieved March 26, 2009
Monday, January 20, 2020
Ritz Carlton Background :: essays research papers
The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company has achieved so much fame in their marketplace that they have attained what is referred to as â€Å"The Ritz Mystique.†Among the grand hotels of the world, The Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts are famous for luxury, spectacular surroundings and legendary service. They have gained this title with dedication and award-winning hotels that reflect the 100 years of tradition that stand behind them. Discovering the fascinating history of Ritz-Carlton hotels, illustrates their commitment on relentless training to improve their quality in service and their strategy. Ritz-Carlton has achieved a Gold Standard of value and philosophy by which they operate. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. originates with the 1983 purchase of The Ritz-Carlton, Boston by William B. Johnson, and the purchase of rights to The Ritz-Carlton name. The standards of service, dining and facilities of this Boston landmark serve as a benchmark for all Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts worldwide. In 1927, Edward N. Wyner, a local Boston real estate developer, was asked to build a world-class hotel. Wyner agreed because he knew The Ritz-Carlton name would secure immediate success. He received permission from The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company and the Paris Ritz for use of the name and set out to create luxury in the heart of Boston. Edward Wyner died in 1961. However, the Ritz legacy endured with Charles Ritz, son of Cesar Ritz, who was an active board member of The Ritz-Carlton until his death in 1977. In 1983, Blakely sold the hotel and the rights to The Ritz-Carlton name to William B. Johnson, who established The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. The company has grown a collection of the finest hotels around the world since. Several of these hotels are historic landmarks, following a commitment of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company to preserving architecturally important buildings. One of these examples is The Ritz-Carlton, Huntington Hotel & Spa. As a famous Pasadena landmark for nearly 100 years, the Huntington Hotel went through many owners and stages to get where they are today. The hotel was finished with its final rebuilding and renovating stages and reopened as The Ritz-Carlton, Huntington Hotel in March 1991. Originally the hotel was constructed in 1906 and opened in February 1907 as the Hotel Wentworth. Financial problems and a disappointing first season forced the Hotel Wentworth to go out of business. Railroad tycoon and art collector Henry Huntington purchased the Hotel Wentworth in 1911, renaming it the Huntington Hotel.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Free-Speech on College Campuses Essay
           Thesis Statement:             The prohibition of hate-speech or any speech which constitutes a â€Å"clear and present danger†to students on college campuses is a good and necessary policy.            Summary of Opinions:            The issue of free-speech on college campuses poses a complex debate. Key factors of the controversy include: the rights to personal safety and free expression, as well as factors of racial and gender tolerance. The volatile nature of the issue ensures adjudication at the highest levels and also a far-reaching historical set of precedents, none of which has successfully â€Å"answered†the issues of free-speech and civic welfare. It seems prudent that the US Constitution should provide the framework by which all policies of free-speech are reckoned. â€Å"The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution states, in part, that â€Å"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech.†This freedom is deemed a fundamental right, because it assures individual self-fulfillment or autonomy,†(Zingo 17) .            Zingo discusses how the 1st amendment serves many interests: â€Å"it is a means of advancing knowledge and searching for truth; it gives all members of society an opportunity to participate in the political process of self-governance; and it provides a safety valve for society[†¦] because suppression of discussion is injurious to society.†(Zingo) With that in mind, it is also useful to peruse counter-arguments which posit a more modernist interpretation of the First Amendment. â€Å"Media-law experts attempt to impose the eighteenth-century ideals of freedom of speech and press on the modern world as if no changes have taken place. Today, First Amendment doctrine assumes that governmental censorship still poses a greater and more real threat to our rational self-governing ideal than self-gratification,†(Collins, and Skover 25).             However, the Constitutional and judicial basis for restrictions on free speech stands far aside from this contention: â€Å"the Supreme Court ruled on a case challenging speech regulation[†¦] question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree,†(Zingo 18). Questions and Rhetorical Strategies Key questions: 1) What constitutes â€Å"clear and present danger?†2) What are methods for enforcing legislation. 3) How have prior Supreme Court first amendment cases been decided? 4) How to define a hate-crime. Rhetorical strategies:                To convince that racism, sexism, and hate-crimes constitute a â€Å"clear and present danger†to students on college campuses will require evidence and citation from legal opinions and legal precedent. The â€Å"hate-crime†according to preliminary research seems to be a well-established fact, backed by substantive evidence and scientific study. â€Å"Despite the tremendous strides resulting from civil rights legislation, racism remains one of the most pressing social problems in the US[†¦] Hate crimes have been prominent on university campuses for the last two decades but vary widely in their targets and severity.†(Marcus et al.) Whether or not a college chooses to restrict the freedom of speech based on the Constitutional premise of â€Å"clear and present danger†there is a question as to whether or not prohibition of discriminatory speech, alone, will curtail racist and discriminatory practices. â€Å"In recent years, attempts to curtail racially discriminatory activities have focused largely on speech codes to limit inflammatory presentations (Altman, 1993) but these attempts have not been well received.†(Marcus et al.)            Audience            I believe that prohibition of hate-speech or any speech which constitutes a â€Å"clear and present danger†to students is an important issue for all citizens, but especially to those who may be impacted directly by hate-crimes. Most minority students wqill probably be sympathetic to my thesis while â€Å"conservatives†will see it as an infringement of civil rights. Ironically, liberals may also view it this way, or even more ironically they may not view it this way and in so doing, they will have become sympathetic to a restraining of free-speech.                                                            Bibliography Collins, Ronald K. L., and David M. Skover. The Death of Discourse. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. Marcus, Ann, et al. â€Å"Perceptions of Racism on Campus.†College Student Journal 37.4 (2003): 611+. Zingo, Martha T. Sex/Gender Outsiders, Hate Speech, and Freedom of Expression: Can They   Say That about Me?. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998. Jacobs, James B., and Kimberly Potter. Hate Crimes Criminal Law & Identity Politics. Oxford:            Oxford University Press, 2001.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Conflict Resolution - 6008 Words
Conflict Resolution Introduction There are various approaches and ways in which the term conflict is defined. Almost all organizations have relationships, which are possible agents of conflicts. Conflict refers to human confrontations, which create disagreements between two or more parties. Within a normal human interaction, it is obvious to find conflicting opinions, ideologies, principles, and structures of believe. Some instances of disagreements and difference in pathways of executing difficult and minor activities within an organization or company create conflicts. Ways of thinking cannot be similar among two and more people. Approaches of work, desires, and needs among people are of diverse magnitudes. In trying to have common and universal way of activity, it is imperative to involve a number of mechanisms integrating diversity on the conflicting commodities. Opinions keep changing among individuals within an organization. Furthermore, it is hard to have a common way of focusing on situations and responding to different needs of growth and development within a corporation or organization. When such incidences of disagreements on opinions occur, it becomes hard for an organization or institution to pursue its normal pathways of growth and development. Therefore, it needs what is called conflict resolution measure or approach (Kellett and Diana 68). Conflicts are of two main difference or perception within an organization. Conflicts can be hugely powerful andShow MoreRelated Conflict Resolution Essay1288 Words  | 6 Pages Major conflict that is not dealt with can devastate a team or organization (Make Conflict Work, 2008). In some situations, conflict can be more constructive than destructive. Recognizing the difference between conflict that is constructive to the team and conflict that is destructive to the team is important. Trying to prevent the conflict is not always the best way to manage conflict when working within a team setting. Understanding conflict, what causes it, and how to resolve conflict effectivelyRead MoreConflict Resolution : Conflicts Resolution988 Words  | 4 PagesWhen it comes to conflict resolution there are several ways to handle this. There’ve been several times that I’ve had to deal with conflict resolution. Conflict resolution also has several tips that you can learn to be able to handle a conflict. A conflict resolution can be handled in a positive way or a negative way. What is conflict resolution? In Community Tool Box it states â€Å"Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. The disagreementRead More Conflict Resolution Essay614 Words  | 3 Pages Conflict Resolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What does conflict resolution mean to me? Conflict resolution is when an impartial or neutral person puts a plan into action to resolve and settle issues within an organization or a team. In the business world today a great amount of focus is being placed on employees working as team unit to increase new ideas, distribute more job responsibilities among a larger group, and most important create a unified front and camaraderie. Along with advantagesRead More Conflict Resolution Essay1017 Words  | 5 Pagesprofessional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form of conflict. John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary skills to resolve conflict in a way that brings satisfaction to everyone involved. Dewey’s stepsRead MoreThe Family Mediation And Conflict Resolution Process4320 Words  | 18 Pagesmediation and conflict resolution process and techniques. The student endeavored on an educational journey to study mediation within the context of families as a means of resolving conflicts without resort to adversarial means such as litigation. Focus and attention was given to family dynamics, child development, the Texas Family Code, family violence, and facilitating of communication and dispute resolution. The components and benefits of family mediation and conflict resolution were introducedRead MoreConflict Resolution934 Words  | 4 Pagesto them she has licence and authority to watch them as she is their supervisor and they have to obey her commands. This statmemt of her escalted the whole issue and continued for a long time. This situation turned in to a big arguments and conflict that it had a great imapct on the productivity of work. There was a big loss of components as they were not able to process in a timely manner. Next day the staff meeting was called on by Manager and all the night staff were called to attendRead MoreConflict Resolution Strategies Essay1444 Words  | 6 PagesConflict Resolution Strategies Conflict has long been viewed as negative, and is usually associated with things as trivial as an argument to something as extreme as war, and is seldom seen as beneficial. In the team environment however, conflict can be very beneficial if recognized early and managed properly and can enhance team performance as well as relationships between team members. Conflict is inevitable as humans interact, because not everyone shares the same beliefs, values, opinions, levelRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And Conflict Resolution1439 Words  | 6 Pagesresearch resources that helped me understand my interpersonal communication topic, Conflict Management, and how theories, relevant skills and strategies can play a big role throughout the resolution and frequency of conflict among my peers. Personality Types and Development of Adolescents’ Conflict with Friends This study aimed to examine the developmental pattern of adolescents’ conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and differences in these developmental changes betweenRead MoreConflict Resolution1281 Words  | 6 PagesIntroduction Everyone faces conflict in their lives on a daily basis. It is an accepted and expected part of life. Conflict is not a problem in itself - it is what we do with it that counts. You cant avoid conflict in your life, at home, at work, and even at play. Wherever people interact, there is a potential for conflict. That is not bad news because good things can arise, and relationships can improve through conflict, provided conflict is managed with thought and attention. The bad newsRead MoreThird Party Conflict Resolution2113 Words  | 9 PagesThird Party Conflict Resolution MGT/445 Organizational Negotiations March 11, 2013 | | | | Third Party Conflict Resolution
Friday, December 27, 2019
The Effect Of Private Property On The Political Field Essay
=The interactions between the economy and the political field are very important to one another for they truly do have a major influence on what each does. Specifically, capitalism and democracy or a republic have major influence on each other as they both create a certain type of environment that for better or for worse affects the other. Namely the effect of private property on the nature of political life in a republic as well as the participation in that political life. Jean-Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract and The Discourses, James Madison in â€Å"Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51†and Alexis De Tocqueville in Democracy in America Volume 2 all discuss the relationship between property and political life. Rousseau argues that property and amour-propre causes humans to destroy their equal society in which there is no need for government as justice is natural, as inequality in the form of injustice and evil which forces them to flee to a government in order to seek protection. Rousseau also asserts that the government established by the social contract needs to always pursue the common good and when people try to alter that they need to be forced to comply as the common good trumps all. Similarly, Madison argues that property is the foundation of factions in the American system as property inequality divides people up and in the same vein, property and greed force the government to create branches and gridlock in order to safeguard against the personal desires ofShow MoreRelatedLocke s Theory Of Property1113 Words  | 5 PagesLocke’s political philosophy, specifically that which concerns the definition of property, how that property is acquired, and the role it plays in society, prove to be quintessential to the development of liberalism. Locke’s philosophy and the basis of liberalism encompasses ideas of sovereignty and rejects contrary phenomena such as absolute monarchy and Divine Right of Kings. It is even said tha t the Second Treatise of Government is a critique of King James II and an allusion to his exploitationRead MoreLocke vs. Marx: Views on Property Rights1466 Words  | 6 Pagesrenowned political philosophers, had many contrasting views when it came the field of political philosophy. Most notably, private property rights ranked high among the plethora of disparities between these two individuals. The main issue at hand was whether or not private property was a natural right. Locke firmly believed that private property was an inherent right, whereas Marx argued otherwise. This essay will examine the views of both Locke and Marx on the subject of private property and willRead MorePrivate Governance Reforms : Acknowledgement1461 Words  | 6 Pages NTCC report PRIVATE GOVERNANCE REFORMS Acknowledgment I would like to offer my sincerest thank you and deepest appreciation to my teachers Ms PUNEET GOEL for guiding me a giving me such a golden opportunity to work on the topic PRIVATE GOVERNANCE reform .It was a great and a knowledgeable experience.. INTRODUCTION Governance means All the processes of the governing, whether undertaken by a government market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization and whetherRead MoreIr A Second Largest Gas Producer On The World With Gas Production Of 360 Billion Cubic Meters /1216 Words  | 5 Pagesof the upstream gas production will require investment and technology from European and international companies. Iran has also expressed interest in injecting gas into the oil fields in order to maintain and increase oil production. EU companies can offer efficient solutions to increase the recovery rates of Iranian oil fields and hence help Iran produce more efficiently. Another promising indicator of Iran s economic potential is its human capital. The population [of Iran] is 73 percent urban,Read MoreA Comparative Study Of The Status Of Women1016 Words  | 5 Pagesgives grants to voluntary organizations for activities like construction/expansion of hostels for working women in cities.The analysis of six types of movements suggests that movements are generally initiated and spread by charismatic leaders or by political parties and religious organizations. In the former case, the ideologies are transmitted downwards while in the latter case, these are transmitted upwards. Once any movement based on certain ideology changes, it is not necessary that it will spreadRead MoreBriefly Compare the Political Regime Type in China and India. Which of the Two Would You Prefer to Do Business in and Why?1478 Words  | 6 PagesPOLI3001 Assignment No. 2 Briefly compare the political regime type in China and India. Which of the two would you prefer to do business in and why? India and China are two republics that have experienced very opposing political regimes throughout history. China has been fundamentally stable country with a lack of a distinct authority figure (Desai, 2003). Being a single party state China has been controlled by the Chinese Communist Party since the 5th National Congress held in 1927 (Wang,Read MoreKarl Marx : A German Influential Philosopher And One Of The Intellectual Fathers Of Communism1477 Words  | 6 Pagesphilosopher and one of the intellectual fathers of communism, writing when the industrial revolution and imperialism period was changing the nature of both the economies of individual nations and the global economy itself. He eradicated his view on the effects these changes had on individual workers and society. This introduced many of his theories, one of which was the idea of alienated labor. Alienated labor was written in 1844, Marx sets the view that alienated labor focuses on the idea that industrializedRead MoreG eopolitical. Collective Goods Problem1749 Words  | 7 PagesThe first one, called non-rivalry, means that the consumption of the good by an actor does not prevent its consumption by another one. The second characteristic, the exclusion, means that nobody is excluded from the consumption of this good. The field of the world collective goods covers so many different domains such as: the reduction of the global warming, the basic research, the fight against the distribution of diseases (AIDS or malaria), the stability of financial markets, struggle againstRead MoreThe Industrial Revolutions Influence on European Society1389 Words  | 6 Pagesclasses and equality. The rise of the middle class had a momentous effect on the population of Europe and was a catalyst for many changes in the social makeup of the region. The influence of technology and electricity changed many aspects of social interaction and created a new class system. The migration of workers and the separation of the classes had political and social repercussions throughout Europe. Labor unions and political parties provided protection and a voice to many of the working classRead Moreeconomic climate uk1370 Words  | 6 Pagesï » ¿MATTEO Exchange rate Housing issues Private and public consumption Investments opportunities: pros and cons EXCHANGE RATE Sterling has been floating since the UK withdraw from membership of the ERM in September 1992. Since that moment, the Bank of England has not intervened to influence the pound’s value, as it became independent from the UK government. With a free floating exchange rate, the value of the currency is simply determined by supply and demand of the market. The Central Bank
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Much Ado About Nothing Essay The Character of Don John
The Character of Don John in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy in which he uses one of his more peculiar villains. The antagonist in this play is Don John, the bastard brother of Don Pedro. In this paper I will discuss the role of Don John as well as his motives and the character himself. I will also delve into Shakespeares use of Don John as the antagonist. I will be comparing Don John to other characters in the play as well as to other villains in Shakespeares works. While Don John does not spend a great deal of time on the stage in Much Ado About Nothing, he still plays a vital role in the plot of the play. The plan that he sets in motion is one of the two main stories within†¦show more content†¦It may also be possible that overthrow refers to Don Johns own dishonor and shame that causes him to be overthrown in the good graces of Don Pedro (Spivack 410). Whatever motives for Don Johns bitter hatred for Claudio the reader infers, it is obvious that Don John will stop at nothing to see Claudio miserable. The character, Don John, is evil in every sense of the word. He mentions several times of his sadness and he seems to revel in his own distemper. He says of himself in act one that though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must not be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain (Shakespeare 15).Shakespeare uses him in a perfect contrast against the good guys. Whenever you have a villain as mean and deceitful as Don John, your heroes in the play, no matter how flawed, cant help but look more appealing. Shakespeares villains are some of the most interesting characters in British literature. The one that is most similar to Don John, in my opinion, is Claudius, the traitor king in Hamlet. Both Don John and Claudius were deceitful in their plots toward their brothers, even though Don Pedro was not affected nearly as much as Hamlets father. I believe what sets these villains off from other rogues is the fact that they were directing their vengeance and wrath at their brothers, and the people around them. That kind of deceit is more disgusting than any other form. In order for Don John to successfully complete his planShow MoreRelated The Character of Don John in Much Ado About Nothing Essay1320 Words  | 6 Pages In the play ‘Much ado about nothing’, Don John is a puppet whose strings are pulled by various characters and the society in which he lives. Although he does monkey businesses like every character in the play, he is the one who gets harshly judged and punished for it. His villainy is not an innate trait but rather, he chooses it to distinguish him from others. Don John is the illegitimate half brother of Don Pedro in the play. Don Pedro is the Prince of Aragon and is highly respected throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing And Hamlet1503 Words  | 7 Pagesthe definition of the character by means of their thoughts, well-being, actions, and interactions with the other set roles. William Shakespeare’s plays included dissimilar characters and different methods of characterization. The two plays that will be compared and contrasted are William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet. As for the characters from each play, Beatrice, Benedict, Don John, Don Pedro, Claudio, and Hero will be assessed from Much Ado About Nothing and from Hamlet, HamletRead MoreGender Roles In Much Ado About Nothing1059 Words  | 5 Pages This essay is an exploration of the play Much Ado About Nothing, and the gender roles involved in the deceit and trickery that transpire and develop throughout the story. As gender is one of the main themes in the plot, identifying the expected gender roles of the characters, and how the contrast between characters highlights these expected roles. In Shakespeare s time, known as the Elizabethan Era, men and women’s roles and expectations were starkly different. Elizabethan women, no matter whatRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare as a Satire Essay1103 Words  | 5 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare as a Satire This essay will analyse the way in which Shakespeare makes this comedy bitterly satirical, and a comment on not only the pretentious style and swank of Spaniards, namely Don Pedro and his gang, but human stupidity as a whole. Much Ado About Nothing portrays the issues of sex, war, marriage and chivalric courtly love in an ironic and satirical way. On a topical level, the play satirises Spanish, Sicilian andRead MoreBeatrice and Benedick as a Couple in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing1336 Words  | 6 PagesBeatrice and Benedick as a Couple in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing is a Shakespeare play set in Mecina. It is a comedy, about Don Pedro and his friends. The play focuses on the relationships of the characters, especially that of Beatrice/Benedick and Claudio/Hero. The two romances follow two different ideas, one an average romance in Shakespeares day, the other a not so average romance. Beatrice and Benedicks history together isRead MoreSocial Pressures in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing1568 Words  | 7 PagesSocial Pressures in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing There has been much discussion about whether or not Shakespeare’s play ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ it is based more around social pressures rather than true love; this essay will see to what extent the play supports this idea. Shakespeare wrote the play ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ around 1598. 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Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Role of Censorship within Entertainment Industry for Censorship
Question: Discuss about theRole of Censorship within Entertainment Industry for Censorship. Answer: Role of Censorship within the Entertainment Industry First of all we all should know the meaning of censorship. It means destruction of speech or omission of chatty material which can be vocal or non-vocal and which may be deliberated as intolerable, destructive, delicate or problematic to the administration or media officialdom or public at large as determined by a censor board. Censorship in an entertainment industry is very apparent and is existent in the most evident form. Movies, television serials news or any form of communication have involved public at large and it will influence the common interest of public so government has to put some regulation over it, so that common interest of public are not harmed at any cost. But on the other play writers, script writers, distributors, actors or performers are offended by the censorship act as it inhibit with the law of freedom of speech. Many movies are censored due to their objectionable scene which are not good for children and adults of specific age to protect them from knowingly or unknowingly to see indecent matter which will influence their minds adversely and which are not right matter for them to see. Except movies, radios and television are also regulated by government from broadcast any indecent content which has adverse effect on the children and adults of specific age. For instance if on television if any show have the scenes of brutal fights and murders, and if it is seen by any children then it will adversely affect the mind and attitude of that children. As the television is the source of information all age groups. In todays world television internet become the main source of information which can be accessed by anyone of any age group. So in order protect society from objectionable and intolerant material many rules and regulations and restrictions were passed by government. There are many cases in which rulings about censorship has been passed by the Supreme Court. In one of the cases Supreme Court said that it is lawful to delete and omit obscene content to take precaution to keep away children from pornography and to defend adults to perceptively and unintentionally view licentious material. In other case named Stanley vs. Georgia Supreme Court held that people can see objectionable content in private. In case of one of the theatre the court said that playhouses and cinema halls are open places and therefore strict regulation are to be applied to these places as it involves public at large of all age group. In order to evade the expurgation the motion pictures association of America legalises itself via a controlled rating system. However later on, the motion pictures association of America on the track of Supreme Court judgements developed a grade or rating system established on audiences age. According to this grading or rating system A G rating is an indicator that the content is for wide-ranging audiences. PG rating indicated parental guidance needed to view the content. PG-13 strongly assistances the supervision for children under age 13 for the reason that there may be inappropriate material. R rating indicates that children under age 17 should be accompanied by an adult. NC-17 or X rating indicates the restriction for underage children to enter into a theatre. There is a freedom of expression for everyone but there should be some constraint on the content in order to keep up the spiritual and collective harmony because there are many cases of communal disharmony due to the objectionable content which were showed on the television or movies or internet etc (CQ press, 2017). Now let us discuss what is Obscenity, it means viewing or keeping pornographic material which is seemingly permitted but circulation of such material is barred by law. There are different censor boards were made in different countries with different ratings to the movie or show for the permitted audiences. Like in India there is Central board of film certification which provides ratings and permit films to be released with proper content. Like movies which have sexual matters involved are to be restricted for the age group of below 18 years. And the telecast of these films on Indian television has been made by board in the late night apertures. Films, television shows, music videos even audio are vulnerable to omission of scenes and wordings and also disposed to prohibition. The study over censorship increased during 60s among wider traditional and dogmatic changes. Across the different countries and administration advocates that censor ship usually contend that monitor exemplification effects approach and behaviour more than the other form of media. Freedom of speech in arts and entertainment is a big question nowadays. American civilisation has continuously been intensely indecisive about this question (Hollywood, 2017) Insulting and debateable art and in your facade amusement put our obligation to free dialogue to the trial. We should ask some question regarding censorship and its motives that is why should we be in conflict with censorship when the sections of killing and anarchy take over the television displays, when effort of skill can be perceived as the straight offense to the spiritual opinions, and when much sexually open content can be seen as humiliating to lady. The answer to these questions are modest an unrestricted society is grounded on the belief that collectively and every single individual has the right to choose what fine art or show business he desires to obtain or to craft. Sexual category in a fine art and amusement is the most recurrent aim of suppression. There many examples of that (Prezi , 2017) Todays demands for suppressions are not encouraged exclusively by impermanence and perception as well as by extensive confidence that exposure to images of violence causes people to act in destructive way. However there is no proof that frictional viciousness can make the normal person violent. Debate can be considered on the issue of screen violence versus real violence. Some children are tested after the experiment of showing them the television for many hours a week and the result was temporary aggression towards the things but not toward against any person or individual. In doing some international comparisons also not much has been revealed because in many countries where movies shows high rate of violence the crime rate of those countries are much lower than the rest of the countries where watching television is less. The solitary vibrant proclamation that can be prepared from this is that the association amongst fine art and human deeds is very multifarious one. In North Korea ranks no. 1 in the list of ten most censored countries. North Koreans does not have self-governing newspapers, and all transistor and television receivers are wholesaled in the country are protected to supervision identified rates. The other top 5 countries which topped the chart are Burma, Turkmenistan, Equatorial Guinea and Libya (Oxford bibliographies, 2017). Other kinds of censorship in entertainment industry apart from movies, television, and radio are internet censorships. Let us discuss some matters on laws around the world regarding internet censorship around the various countries of the world. Since 1995 many governments of the world are facing the trouble of content on the internet that is unlawful under their disconnected mode laws and also deliberated damaging or also inappropriate for youngsters. Government policies regarding censorship on the internet are as follows: Policy related to self-control and regulation for the internet users such as to filter and block technology. This step has been taken by many countries such as Canada, United Kingdom and many other countries of Western Europe. In these countries law of general application apply to the content which is not legal such as child pornography and racial discrimination or political issues which can bring disharmony amongst the public at large. There were criminal penalties were applied to the matters providers on the internet which is prohibited for children and minors such as fines or monetary penalty or imprisonment. This step is also taken by many countries like China, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and many. Requirement of internet access provider is there in some countries to block the objectionable matters on the internet while some a direct governmental restricted access. There are direct government prohibition to the internet access in some, one has to register or take permission for access to the restricted sites above. Censorship becomes important due many factors such as damaging effect of media on youngsters and minors, there is dilemma whether censorship is important or not in an entertainment industry there many cases which has due the violently pictured scenes in television shows which influence children who often watch them to act violently. But on the other hand many studies shows no such kind of results on the children. During the course of the history civilisations practised innumerable forms of suppressions in the faith that the public as epitomized by administration was accountable for cornice the person (ACLU, 2017). The innumerable fragments of statute rise queries around mass media of self-censorship and the part of federal communication commission in amendable liberty of communication. The matters of childrens television by restricting the number of commercial and induces broad caster to show scholastic program was regulated by the children television act 1990. To control the matters on the television another act was passed in December 1990 called television violence Act. In the year 1996 another act was passed known as telecommunication act which require the producers of the television sets to create a chip to be inserted in the television especially for parents to block programs depended on their sensual and ferocious matter. Conclusion:- So from the above discussion it is clear that censorship is very significant fragment of show business industry. It not only applies to movies but also to radios. Music, theatres, internet and all source of media. Many people gets offended by censorship and are not in favour of censorship such as play writers, theatre actors, movie actors, script writers etc. they are offended by such censorship in entertainment industry due to the constraint on the legislation and right of freedom of expression, however censorship is important as there are many issues and contents which are inappropriate for the audiences of less age that is teenagers or small children because they will be impacted by such inappropriate content on television or in movies and via audio through music. Sometimes censorship becomes important to maintain the religious and communal harmony in the country. Many countries follows different laws regarding censorship of the content to be displayed. Hence it can be concluded t hat censorship plays a vital role in entertainment industry. References: CPJ(2017)Committee to Protect journalists [online] Available at: https://cpj.org/reports/2006/05/10-most-censored-countries.php [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Prize(2017)Censorship in entertainment industry [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/l94jjjoridoa/censorship-in-the-entertainment-industry/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017] Hollywood(2017)Cannes[online] Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-japans-entertainment-sector-faces-795554[Accessed 9th April. 2017] Indiabix(2017)Censorship [online] Available at: https://www.indiabix.com/group-discussion/censorship-in-movies-our-culture/[Accessed 9th April. 2017] CQ press(2017)Censorship of movies and tv [online] Available at: https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1961041200[Accessed 9th April. 2017] CPJ (2017) 10 more consored countries [online] Available at: https://cpj.org/reports/2006/05/10-most-censored-countries.php[Accessed 9th April. 2017] ACLU(2017)Censorship [online] Available at: https://www.aclu.org/other/freedom-expression-arts-and-entertainment [Accessed 9th April. 2017] US legal (2017)Censorship [online] Available at:https://entertainmentlaw.uslegal.com/censorship/[Accessed 9th April. 2017] Oxford bilbiographies(2017)Censorship [online] Available at: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0015.xml [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[1]
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